Local Area Network (LAN)

The geographical distribution of LAN is restricted to limited geographic coverage of a few kilometers only. The communication facilities which LAN typically provides are within a building or a campus. Some of the most common communications links used in LANs are twisted pair, coaxial cables and fiber optics. Ethernet is the most commonly used LAN technology because it is relatively fast and economical too. Token Ring and FDDI are also majorly used LANs. ARCNET is also most commonly installed LAN technology and is still sued in industrial automation industry.

The server used with LANs has applications and data storage that are shared by multiple computer users in common. A complete package of application programs are kept on LAN server. Any user(s) can share files with other with the help of LAN server read and write access is maintained by a LAN administrator. Users can share hardware devices also such as laser printers, scanners etc. 
With the help of LAN many participation systems can build a type of LAN which is temprory and they use it to join the multiplayer games.

To configure a local area network one can use specialized operating system software. ICS (Internet connection sharing) is one of the tools for Microsoft windows which provide a software package that supports controlled access to LAN resources.  When more than one LAN are be differentiated into logical groups then it is calles as subnet. Such as a type of A LAN is your internet protocol which is able to contain about 16 million systems devices which are mainly already organized in subnets.

The communication cost of LAN is usually much lower because of lower error rates, absence of routing algorithms, lower maintenance and administrative costs. The cost to transmit data in LAN is negligible because the transmission medium is usually owned by user organization. A LAN is owned by single organization because of its limited coverage. Also administrative and maintenance complexities and costs for LANs are usually lower than for WANs.
The transmission rates in LAN are usually much higher than WANs. LANs have transmission rates of 0.2 megabit per second to 1 Gigabit per second. Local area networks generally experience fewer data transmissions errors.
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Wide Area Network (WAN)

The geographical distribution of WAN spans greater distances and may extend over several thousand kilometers.It can operate nationwide or even worldwide. The computers and users in one location can communicate with other computers and users in other locations. Leased telecommunication lines, public communication systems such as telephone lines, fiber-optic cables, microwave links and satellite channels are used to links across regional, metropolitan, national or international boundaries and hence the overall communication cost of WAN is very high.Point-to-Point connection between two computers is used in WANs. The technologies used in WANs are SONET, ATM, MPLSand Frame Relay.The technology used for WAN is high speed and relatively expensive but it is most reliable and secure than Circuit switching or Packet Switching (Connection oriented).Sample protocols used for WANs are PPP,HDLC,SDLC,and HNAS.

The protocol used for a WAN is TCP/IPin combination with devices such as routers, switches, firewalls and modems.A wide area network may be privately owned or rented, but they are usually implemented with public (shared user) networks or an enterprise or a corporation or an organization which connects with several LANs.

At the end of each leased lines, a router connects the LAN on one side with a second router within the LAN on the other.The transmission rates in WANs usually range from 1200 bits per second to slightly over 1 Mbps. Nowadays, transmission rates are typically 2 Mbps, 34 Mbps, 45 Mbps, and 155 Mbps, 625 Mbps (or sometimes considerably more).More complex routing algorithms are used in WANs.

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency of U.S. Department of defense) was first WAN. International airlines worldwide link their computers to form a WAN that facilitates booking of flight tickets on international flights. Internet is world’s most popular WAN. Extranets and VPS based segments are also WANs in themselves.

A WAN is usually formed by interconnecting multiple LANs and other types of networks togethereach of which may belong to different organizations so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Due to a large distance in WAN, the error transmission rates are higher than LANs.

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Website Design

Under this head we tried to provide users some knowledge about the planning of websites, here designs and architechtre.
Website planning and to plan and decide about website design and atchitechture is a very crucial task for anybody. At first we should have to make a blueprint of website which can provide us a rough knowledge about the design and template of website means this could helps us to give a rough knowledge about how website should look. There should be also planning of sitemap which also be helpful for us to move forward.  This rough sketch of a website is also known as blueprint of website.

Every websites have many pages which generally starts with HOME. Also some more pages such as About us, Contact us, Our services etc. Under our services one could define about their work and types of services you provide.
One more page a sitemap document which defines about the website pages as follows :

The structure of website is primaily started with a navigation. Giving a prominent, clearly defined and effective navigation makes your audience to get stuked for sometimes on your website. In case of unclear navigation and  a complicated navigation makes audience to move to he next website within a very short period of time. without clicking anywhere on your website.
An easy navigation bar can help your visitor to find the information without and complication very easily and quickly. This maks your websit more efficient an effective and also audience can get the information they required with a very less effort.

Blueprint of your Website :

Before Building a house first we make its sketch which is called as blueprint similarly, for making your website its planning and sketch making is equally important means before website making its blueprint is very important.  There are many people who never feels its importance and they just left this step. This is the step which can halps to develop your website very soon and in a very less time in comparison to when they left this step. This steps also helps to make the customer and developer very clear to understand each other.
With the help of this blueprint we can make ourself very clear about where the content will appear and where the different types of pages will appear. A blueprint helps to arrange various elements on website very clearly and effectively.  When we left to make a blueprint and jump directly onto he making of website it may consume very much time is solving error, setting elements, and pages. This may also gives a result in terms of increase in budget.

This first stage of making blueprint is very much important in order to prevent our time loss and money loss and also the unnecessary work that have to be took place in absense of this blueprint.


Designing :

After the planning a web developer stats making your website using his experience and knowledge according to your requirements. For making websites they using many types of tools such as photo shop and various others while doing coding for your website. Before giving final touch to the website handed to the client for their final looks and when they finally says the website is hand over to them. In future the changes and other requirements of clien fulfilled from time to time.
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Domain Selection

Selecting a domain name is one of the most important time taking and also difficult method. While selecting the domain name there are some points that should be kept in mind these are as follows :

Analyses top 5 keywords :

Domain should be selected after proper analysing the top 5 keywords that are mostly be searched in search engines in order to gain proper traffic and audience. For this first you should have to keep in mind with the content of websites and also think about what is your website is all about on that basis choose the name OF YOUR WEBSITE. Just keep some of the words which better describes about the content of your websites. Once when you will select some words then select  your domain name by using various suffix and prefixes with those words.


Just make your domain name a unique name :

Try to make your website domain name a unique name which would be not confused the audience such as never choose the name very closely related to the existing domain name because such domain names makes audience confused and is difficult to remember.
By Selecting domain names which are misspells or plural to other existing domains it creates the audience to transfer on the wrong destination.

Always prefer a domain names with dot com :

Always try to grab a domain names having extension dot com instead of dot org or dot net or dot in because it is the mostly preferable by search engines and also make easy to access for visitors. Dot com domain names also helps to grab large amount of traffic.

Always prefer easier domain names : 

Always prefer a domain names that is easy to type and remember and is very easy to spell. Sometimes peoples choose those domain names which are very difficult to remember for he audience so they mostly type the domain names wrong which tends to transfer them to the wrong domain names. Domain names should be very easy to types correctly.

.Make domain names remember :

Choose those types of domain names that are easier to remember that one could able to tell them to others easily. If any one wants to gain lots of traffic then he should prefer an easier domain name which could be easily rememberable and could be easily typed. When the domain names are easier then its automatically promoted the mouth to mouth advetisement in which one person can able to tell the domain names to others very easily and they this way also promotes your website and domain names.

Choose always short domain names : 

Always try to choose small domain names.  So that these short domain names can also be easily fitted on business cards and also on online media promoters. These short domain names easily promotes oral mouth to mouth marketing.

Domains that describes itself:

Domain should be self described means when any person see any domain name then he could easily be able to guess about the website and its contents. By the name of a website its type of content should easily be able to guess for someone. Suchas gmail.com. this domain clarifies that its  a website on which you can deal with your emails.

Try to prevent yourself by copyright issues :

While selecting a domain name just keep in mind that never even by mistaken do no try to infringe anyone copyright in your domain names. Before purchase first try to search on copyright.gov in order to prevent yourself from being a culprit of copyright infringement.

Avoid number or any special characters in your domain names :

Try to avoid numbers and any special characters in your domain names which makes it crucial to remember and typed as well as it also creates mispells and confusion among audience.
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Complete Website Planning

Knowledge Required

Before making a website or planning for website one should have better knowledge about some of the basic points which can make your projects more easier and less time taking. There are some points that should be kept in mind before proceeding such as :

1) Set your website goal : First and basic step is to decide about your website that what you want to do with your website. Either you want to sell or purchase products or want to provide knowledge about various topics or what type of knowledge you want to scatter.

2 Identify to your targeted audience:
Secondly you want to know exactly what type of audience you want to gain on your website. either you want to attract audience below 18 then you want to take more properly posted your contents and also keep in mind about the type of content you posting.

3) Write your contents :
Write your content properly having meanings and which should be beneficial for audience. You content should not be too small in paragraph. The content should be displayed in such way that when audience visit your website they never feel  visit useless.

4) Choose your web designer :
The person or company who designs your website is known as web designer. Select your web designer after a proper search about their method of working and types of payment modes.

5) Choose your domain name :
Select your domain name that should be unique and should be able to define itself.

6) Choose a web host :
Next to select your hosting provider which would provie you web space in which your website will run. Choose it very carefully on the basis of research and investigation.

7 launch your website :
Next comes how you launch your website. Before launch do proper advertisements.

8) Promote your website :
Last but not the least that continously promote your website in order to get good traffic. now he mode of advertisement selection should be good and able to reach more and more audience.

Inshort you can sum up all the above as :

1.    P- prepare –
Select what type of audience you need.  Just Think properly while creating your website about the type of audience you want on your website and on that basis prepare your contents also. What type of people you want to communicate with ? or who should be the audience of your website ? You want to sell products and deal in online business ? or you wan to provide beneficial knowledge to the audience ? The types of content makes what type of language you have to use. The contents and colour of your website identify the personality of your website.

L- Landscape
Decide the look of your website. Decide how it would be able to attract audience. Decide how yo would like to present your contents. You make your website interesting by inserting vidos and colourful images on that. You can also add music or background tone on your website to make it very attractive. If you want to make your website as gallery then decide the size of images which could also not be so much heavy or decide the size of your videos. because you web hosting providers rent you the space of some limit and when your website get more than that limit then they will make some extra charges for your extra spaces. which will also make effect on your budget.
Also your website or blog should be regularly upated in order to perform well online. Regular updating o content halpd your website to gain more and more traffic.

2. A-Aesthetics –
Make your website more and more attractiveby by using beautiful atractive colours and by inserting images and videos on them so that it would be able to Compitet with your compititors in online market  There are many websites online that provides various types of templates either free of cost or be chargeable.  You can also choose the template from them according to your requirements and needs.


3. N-Navigation –
 Decide and plan properly about how you want to direct you audience and for that on the basis of your requirements provie proper navigation to the audience. Website navigation is one of the most important thing which means the way in which you had placed various links on your website. Make a proper plan about the menu services contact us etc on your website such as you want your menu on the top of your website then make it very clear to identify so that audience can see them clearly. Make your navigation clear and properly placed and not n form of cluster so that it would be difficult for your audience to identify. Also know that a page having less content do better than a page having a lot. Organize your website under various categories sub categories menu etc.

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500 Internal Server Errors

Any website or application which is hosted in IIS returns the response status as either success or failure. 501 is the HTTP status code which IIS returns to the user and is recorded in IIS log files. The IIS log files are saved at following folder location: inetpublogsLogfiles.Due to HTTP 500 Internal Server Error, the website cannot display the page. HTTP 501 errors also denotes that the configuration is not implemented. HTTP 501 Error is server side error.

Cause of HTTP 501-Internal Server Error:

 1. If IIS cannot access the configured root directory of the source code folder this error could occur.
2. In source code folder, there might be possible that there are multiple config files exist and some of them are conflicting.
3. ISAPI.dll is a file that can process the request and mapping point to this file are missing.
4. If any handler mappings for the requested resource points to .dll file are missing then they cannot process the request and screen would display as HTTP 501 Internal Server Error.
5. If any new feature is implemented and web server doesn t support that feature, the same error would generates.

Resolution: 1. Go to Start-> Run ->type inetmgr.exe click OK.
2. At IIS Manager, expand server name and Web sites, and then click the Web site.
3. In Features view of IIS window, double-click Handler Mappings.
4. Mapping points to the correct ISAPI.dll file for asp files should map to the below folder locationthe%windir%system32inetsrvasp.dll file).
5. Refresh the web page after clearing the browser s cache and deleting the browser s cookies.
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Some Ways To Improve The SQL Server Performance

There are some of various ways and by adopting them we can inhance the sql server performance . Some of them are as follows :

Improving SQL Query

SQL queries could be written in many ways but a developer should have to use the bet queries to make the performance more better.

Prevent to add multiple function in a single query:

Various function such as email article printing sharing should be avoided to be done by a single query.
This could increase the load of database query and inccur increment in process timing. To avoid such jargon try to use different queries for different purposes. or  to avid this issue the nested loop joins could be used.

Avoid to use Cursors in Query

Just avoid to use cursors in queries because the set based queries are much better. If the cursor is needed in queries then at that situation try to avoid dynamic cursor which limits the use of nesed loop joins by optimizer.

Avoid Multi-statement functions (TVFs)

These inline are less costly than the multi statement functions. The inline TVFs is being expand by server into various main query and also seperate the context
from main query. which makes TVFs very costly.

Include indexes :

Indexed table always reduce the interval timing of data but this also effects on DML operations adversly. This also be decrease theperformance of queries.
Indexing is type of challenge but its a fact that  it improve the perforance of sql queries and also improves the query timing.

Understand the Data

By understanding the data type we can identify the type of queries to be used to retrieve the data. After creating the database when data entered sucessfully and
when indexing be done properly this desicion should be took carefully that what types of queries should be used their to retrieve the data. If their is a need then
mention a unique key which leads the query. To avoid any type of overhead just one should have to choose the coloumn correctly and make appropriate changes.

Include coloumn in index
Include coloumn in indexed table is important because it helps to improve the performance o sql queries. By including coloumn in table helps queries to search
data very easily without searching the whole database due to which the sql query performance improves. When the required content matched with the content of
a coloumn its can be easily retrieved. when the database in not properly indexed or coloumned then it also creates very much difficulties to retrieve the data and
also creates very much overload on sql server.

Delete useless indexes :

Deleting useless indexes decrease the size of database due to which the sql load also decreases and the data retrieval become less time taking. Which just
speed up the sql performance and data modofication. The small size of database also helps to decrease the overhead use of server resources.

Regular Updates :

There must be a regular updation is needed for coloumns as by optimizing the coloumns done by queries. Regualar updates also inhace the quality of queries.

Include som special keys :
By inclusion of some keys such as NOT NULL , FORIGEN KEY, PRIMARY KEY etc also improves the sql sever performance. 
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